License plate validation

ABSTRACT

A license plate validation system for a vehicle is disclosed. This license plate validation system includes: a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader located inside the vehicle and configured to read from an RFID-enabled license plate on the vehicle upon detecting an attempt to start the vehicle; and a microcontroller coupled to the RFID reader and configured to receive, from the RFID reader, information obtained from the RFID-enabled license plate and subsequently determine, based at least on the received information, whether the vehicle is properly registered. In some embodiments, the microcontroller and the RFID reader are integrated as a single electronic module.

PRIORITY CLAIM AND RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This patent document is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/225,769, entitled “LICENSE PLATE VALIDATION,” filed Aug. 1, 2016,which claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. PatentApplication No. 62/199,992 entitled “LICENSE PLATE VALIDATION” and filedon Aug. 1, 2015, and which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 120 as acontinuation-in-part to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/093,636,entitled “RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION TAG IN A LICENSE PLATE,” filedApr. 7, 2016, which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/144,160, entitled “RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATIONTAG,” filed Apr. 7, 2015. The disclosures of the above application areincorporated by reference in their entirety as a part of this document.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The various embodiments described herein are related to radio frequencyidentification (RFID), and more particularly to validation of anRFID-enabled license plate.

2. Related Art

RFID technology harnesses electromagnetic fields to transfer datawirelessly. The primary use for RFID technology is the automaticidentification and tracking of objects via RFID tags, which can beattached or incorporated into a variety of objects. Examples includecredit cards, passports, license plates, identity cards,cellphones/mobile devices, etc. RFID technology also has applications innumerous areas, including, but not limited to, electronic tolling,parking access, border control, payment processing, asset management,and transportation. Thus, for example, a license plate that includes anRFID tag can be used for the purposes of electronic toll collection(ETC), electronic vehicle registration (EVR), border crossing, etc.

RFID technology has been the enabler behind the EVR systems. Forexample, an RFID registration tag can be placed on the windshield of avehicle, and can then be scanned by a reader to verify registration andcompliance information; however, the existing technology used by the EVRsystem is limited to passive detection (e.g., at EVR checkpoints) ofunregistered or improperly registered vehicles. As such, an improperlyregistered vehicle or an unregistered vehicle can remain in operation aslong as the driver of such a vehicle is able to evade EVR checkpoints.

SUMMARY

Embodiments described herein provide various examples of a license platevalidation system implemented on a vehicle operable to automaticallyvalidate electronic registration information of the vehicle and toautomatically detect whether the license plate on the vehicle isauthentic and original.

According to one aspect, a radio frequency identification (RFID)-enabledlicense plate is disclosed. This RFID-enabled license plate includes: ametal plate including a first cutout portion defining a first hole inthe metal plate and a second cutout portion defining a second hole inthe metal plate, and a RFID assembly integrated with the metal plate andpositioned across the first hole defined by the first cutout portion.The RFID assembly includes a RFID chip and an antenna. The RFID assemblyfurther includes: a front cover attached to a first side of the metalplate and covering the first hole defined by the first cutout portion,and a back cover attached to a second side of the metal plate oppositeto the front cover and covering the first hole defined by the firstcutout portion such that the first cutout portion is positioned betweenthe front cover and the back cover. The RFID chip is sandwiched betweenthe front cover and the back cover. Dimensions, spacing and locations ofthe first cutout portion and the second cutout portion are configuredsuch that a slot antenna is formed from the metal plate, the firstcutout portion, the second cutout portion and the RFID assembly and theslot antenna resonates at multiple frequencies.

According to another aspect, a radio frequency identification (RFID)assembly is disclosed. This RFID assembly includes: a radio frequencyidentification (RFID) chip and an antenna which is electrically coupledto the RFID chip. The RFID chip and the antenna are disposed on asubstrate. The substrate includes a first cutout portion defining afirst hole in the substrate and a second cutout portion defining asecond hole in the substrate. The RFID assembly further includes: afront cover attached to a first side of the substrate and covering thefirst hole defined by the first cutout portion, and a back coverattached to a second side of the substrate opposite to the front coverand covering the first hole defined by the first cutout portion suchthat the first cutout portion is positioned between the front cover andthe back cover. The RFID chip is sandwiched between the front cover andthe back cover and is affixed to at least one of the front cover and theback cover. Dimensions, spacing and locations of the first cutoutportion and the second cutout portion are configured such that a slotantenna is formed from the substrate, the first cutout portion, thesecond cutout portion and the RFID assembly and the slot antennaresonates at multiple frequencies.

Other features and advantages of the present inventive concept should beapparent from the following description which illustrates by way ofexample aspects of the present inventive concept.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The structure and operation of the present disclosure will be understoodfrom a review of the following detailed description and the accompanyingdrawings in which like reference numerals refer to like parts and inwhich:

FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating an exemplary RFID system inaccordance with one embodiment described herein.

FIG. 2A illustrates the top view of an embodiment of a RFID-enabledlicense plate in accordance with one embodiment described herein.

FIG. 2B illustrates the top view of another embodiment of anRFID-enabled license plate in accordance with one embodiment describedherein.

FIG. 2C illustrates the top view of yet another embodiment of anRFID-enabled license plate in accordance with one embodiment describedherein.

FIG. 3 illustrates the top view of an embodiment of an RFID-enabledlicense plate operable in conjunction with a vehicle registrationsticker in accordance with one embodiment described herein.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary vehicle registration sticker which isused in conjunction with an RFID-enabled license plate in accordancewith one embodiment described herein.

FIG. 5 illustrates a deployment of an RFID-enabled license plate on avehicle in accordance with one embodiment described herein.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an exemplary license plate validationsystem in accordance with one embodiment described herein.

FIG. 7 presents a flowchart illustrating a process for validating alicense plate in accordance with one embodiment described herein.

FIG. 8 presents a flowchart illustrating a process for detecting astolen license plate in accordance with one embodiment described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While certain embodiments are described, these embodiments are presentedby way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope ofprotection. The methods and systems described herein may be embodied ina variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions,and changes in the form of the example methods and systems describedherein may be made without departing from the scope of protection.

Embodiments described herein provide various examples of a license platevalidation system implemented on a vehicle operable to automaticallyvalidate electronic registration information of the vehicle and toautomatically detect if the license plate on the vehicle is authenticand original.

FIG. 1 shows a diagram illustrating an exemplary RFID system 100 inaccordance with one embodiment described herein. In system 100, RFIDinterrogator/reader 102 communicates with one or more RFID tags 110.Data can be exchanged between interrogator/reader 102 and RFID tag 110via radio transmit signal 108 and radio receive signal 112. RFIDinterrogator/reader 102 comprises RF transceiver 104, which containstransmitter and receiver electronics, and antenna 106, which areconfigured to generate and receive radio transit signal 108 and radioreceive signal 112, respectively. Exchange of data can be accomplishedvia electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the RF spectrum incombination with various modulation and encoding schemes.

RFID tag 110 is a transponder that can be attached to an object ofinterest and act as an information storage mechanism. In manyapplications, the use of passive RFID tags is desirable, because theyhave a virtually unlimited operational lifetime and can be smaller,lighter, and cheaper than active RFID tags that contain an internalpower source, e.g. battery. Passive RFID tags power themselves byrectifying the RF signal emitted by the RF scanner. Consequently, therange of transmit signal 108 determines the operational range of RFIDtag 110.

RF transceiver 104 transmits RF signals to RFID tag 110, and receives RFsignals from RFID tag 110, via antenna 106. The data in transmit signal108 and receive signal 112 can be contained in one or more bits for thepurpose of providing identification and other information relevant tothe particular RFID tag application. When RFID tag 110 passes within therange of the radio frequency magnetic field emitted by antenna 106, RFIDtag 110 is excited and transmits data back to RF interrogator/reader102. A change in the impedance of RFID tag 110 can be used to signal thedata to RF interrogator/reader 102 via receive signal 112. The impedancechange in RFID tag 110 can be caused by producing a short circuit acrossthe tag's antenna connections (not shown) in bursts of very shortduration. RF transceiver 104 senses the impedance change as a change inthe level of reflected or backscattered energy arriving at antenna 106.

Digital electronics 114, which can comprise a microprocessor with RAM,performs decoding and reading of receive signal 112. Similarly, digitalelectronics 114 performs the coding of transmit signal 108. Thus, RFinterrogator/reader 102 facilitates the reading or writing of data toRFID tags, e.g. RFID tag 110 that are within range of the RF fieldemitted by antenna 104. Together, RF transceiver 104 and digitalelectronics 114 comprise RF interrogator/reader 102. Finally, digitalelectronics 114 and can be interfaced with an integral display and/orprovide a parallel or serial communications interface to a host computeror industrial controller, e.g. host computer 116.

In some embodiments, an RFID transponder (e.g., RFID tag 110 describedwith respect to FIG. 1) can be embedded in a vehicle's license plate toform an RFID-enabled license plate; however, vehicle license plates aremost commonly made from metal (e.g., aluminum). Direct and uninsulatedcontact between an RFID transponder (single or multi-frequency) and ametal license plate (e.g., by applying the transponder directly onto themetal license plate) can short or severely detune the transponder'santenna(s) (e.g., antenna 116 described with respect to FIG. 1),rendering the transponder virtually unreadable. Thus, in the exemplaryembodiments described in more detail below, a transponder is embedded ina metal license plate in ways that neither compromise the performance ofthe transponder's antenna(s) nor add undesirable bulk to the licenseplate's usual dimensions. In some exemplary embodiments, an RFID-enabledlicense plate is configured to resonate at multiple frequencies (e.g.,HF and UHF bands). In some embodiments, a resonator for the transponderis formed from the license plate itself if the license plate is metal.In other embodiments, whether the plate is metal or non-metal, theresonator can also be formed from a metalized layer (e.g.,retro-reflective material, holographic foil, or any other appropriatemetallic substrate) covering the license plate.

FIG. 2A illustrates the top view of an embodiment of a RFID-enabledlicense plate 200 in accordance with one embodiment described herein. Invarious embodiments, RFID-enabled license plate 200 includes a metalplate 210. In various embodiments, RFID-enabled license plate 200 can beconfigured to include one or more slots, which are open areas that arecut or punched out of plate 210. In some embodiments, RFID-enabledlicense plate 200 can be configured to include multiple slots. As shownin FIG. 2A, RFID-enabled license plate 200 includes a slot 220 and aslot 230. In various embodiments, both slot 220 and slot 230 can befilled with a non-metal material. In some embodiments, the non-metalmaterial can be stuffed, extruded, or otherwise deposited into slot 220and slot 230. In various embodiments, the non-metal material remainsflush with respect to both the front and rear surfaces of plate 210.Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 2A, a RFID strap 240 can be positionedacross slot 230 as illustrated. In some embodiments, RFID strap 240includes a RFID chip as well as contacts that are either electricallyconnected to or capacitively coupled with plate 210. In otherembodiments, RFID strap 240 can include a RFID chip and an antenna,wherein the antenna or resonator is inductively coupled with plate 210.In some embodiments, the respective and relative dimensions, spacing,and location of slots 220 and 230 are configured such that the slotantenna formed from plate 210, slots 220 and 230, and strap 240 willresonate at multiple desired frequencies. In various embodiments, theslot antenna configured according to FIG. 2A is able to resonate at botha HF (e.g., 13.56 MHz) and a UHF (e.g., 915 MHz) band. As described inmore detail below, in other embodiments, instead of multiple slots(e.g., slot 220 and slot 230 in Plate 210) configured to resonate atseveral different frequencies, a RFID-enabled license plate can alsoinclude just a single slot configured to resonate at a single frequency.

FIG. 2B illustrates the top view of another embodiment of anRFID-enabled license plate 202 in accordance with one embodimentdescribed herein. In various embodiments, RFID-enabled license plate 202includes a plate 212 that is constructed out of metal. As shown in FIG.2B, RFID-enabled license plate 202 is configured to include a singleslot 222, which is cut or punched out of plate 212. In variousembodiments, slot 222 can be stuffed, extruded, or otherwise depositedwith a non-metal material that remains flush with respect to both thefront and rear surfaces of plate 212. In the embodiment shown in FIG.2B, an RFID strap 242 is positioned over slot 222. In variousembodiments, RFID strap 242 includes an RFID Chip 244 and contacts 246.In various embodiments, contacts 246 can be connected to plate 212through solder, adhesive paste, or both. In some embodiments, contacts246 are capacitively coupled with plate 212. Depending on theembodiment, RFID strap 242 can be placed on either the front surface orthe rear surface of plate 212. Configured according to FIG. 2B, plate212 can act as a slot antenna coupled with RFID Chip 244, which makesRFID Chip 244 less sensitive to the detuning effects of a metal carframe. In other embodiments, RFID strap 240 can include a RFID chip andan antenna or resonator, where the antenna or resonator is inductivelycoupled with plate 210.

FIG. 2C illustrates the top view of yet another embodiment of anRFID-enabled license plate 204 in accordance with one embodimentdescribed herein. In various embodiments, RFID-enabled license plate 204comprises a metal plate 214 that includes a slot 224, which is an openarea that has been cut or punched out of plate 214. In some embodiments,instead of an RFID strap (e.g., RFID straps 240 and 242 described withrespect to FIGS. 2A and 2B) positioned over slot 224, an RFIDtransponder module 250 is placed directly inside of slot 224 as shown inFIG. 2C. In the embodiment shown, RFID transponder module 250 includesan RFID chip 252 that is coupled with a feeding loop 254. Furthermore,as shown in FIG. 2C, slot 224 and loop 254 can be positioned such thatfeeding loop 254 is capacitively coupled with plate 214. Although notshown, in other embodiments, feeding loop 254 can be inductively coupledwith plate 214. Advantageously, RFID transponder module 250 can be madesufficiently thin such that even when RFID transponder module 250 isinstalled within slot 224, it creates a substantially planar surfacewith respect to slot 224.

Additional embodiments of an RFID-enabled license plate are described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 8,344,890, and 9,007,215, the disclosures of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety. It will beappreciated that an RFID-enabled license plate can be implemented in adifferent manner from the ones described above without departing from ascope of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, an RFID-enabled license plate can include an RFIDtransponder that will not function absent a valid and properlypositioned vehicle registration sticker. For example, in someembodiments, the RFID transponder can be intentionally tuned to a lowerfrequency (e.g., less than 915 MHz) and therefore cannot be properlyread by a UHF RFID reader. Meanwhile, in some embodiments, applying avalid vehicle registration sticker in the correct position on theRFID-enabled license plate tunes the transponder to the correct andoperational frequency (e.g., 915 MHz) so that the transponder can beread by a UHF RFID reader. In various embodiments, the vehicleregistration sticker is fabricated from or otherwise includes one ormore metallic or other conductive materials.

FIG. 3 illustrates the top view of an embodiment of an RFID-enabledlicense plate 300 operable in conjunction with a vehicle registrationsticker in accordance with one embodiment described herein. It can beseen that the embodiment of FIG. 3A shares many characteristics with theembodiment disclosed in FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 in Parent applicationSer. No. 15/093,636, which is incorporated herein by reference as if setforth in full. As can be seen in FIG. 3, RFID-enabled license plate 300includes a metal plate 302 and an RFID transponder module 304. In someembodiments, metal plate 302 and RFID transponder module 304 areconfigured in the manner of: metal plate 210 and RFID transponder module240 described with respect to FIG. 2A; metal plate 212 and RFIDtransponder module 242 described with respect to FIG. 2B; or metal plate214 and RFID transponder module 250 described with respect to FIG. 2C.As shown in FIG. 3, RFID-enabled license plate 300 further includes slot306 coupled, which comprises a, for example, square and to accommodatemodule 304 and an elongated area. In some embodiments, slot 306 can forma slot antenna. In certain embodiments, module 304 can also be coupledwith plate 302.

In some embodiments, RFID transponder module 304 is intentionally tunedto an inoperable frequency. For example, RFID transponder module 304 canbe tuned to a lower frequency than an UHF frequency needed tocommunicate data (e.g., identifier) with an UHF RFID reader. In someembodiments, a valid vehicle registration sticker 308 needs to beapplied in a proper location on plate 302 in order for RFID transpondermodule 304 to function properly (e.g., to be scanned or read by a UHFRFID toll reader). As will be described in more detail below, applying aproperly sized vehicle registration sticker 308 in a proper location onRFID-enabled license plate 300 tunes RFID transponder module 304 to theproper frequency band. In other embodiments, an RFID-enabled licenseplate includes an RFID booster but without an RFID transponder module.In these embodiments, the RFID-enabled license plate requires a vehicleregistration sticker integrated with an RFID transponder modulepositioned in the proper location relative to plate 302 to operateproperly. Although FIG. 3 shows that vehicle registration sticker 308 isplaced directly over RFID transponder module 304, in embodiments wherevehicle registration sticker 308 is composed of or otherwise includesconductive material, RFID transponder module 304 does not have to bedirectly underneath vehicle registration sticker 308.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary vehicle registration sticker 400 thatcan be used in conjunction with an RFID-enabled license plate inaccordance with one embodiment described herein. In various embodiments,vehicle registration sticker 400 can be used to implement vehicleregistration sticker 308 described with respect to FIG. 3. As shown inFIG. 4, vehicle registration sticker 400 includes a front side 402 and aback side 404, which further includes a loop 406. In variousembodiments, when vehicle registration sticker 400 is affixed to aRFID-enabled license plate (e.g., RFID-enabled license plate 300) in aproper location, loop 406 on the back side of the sticker 400 couples toan RFID transponder and tunes the RFID transponder to the properfrequency band for operation. In some embodiments, vehicle registrationsticker 400 can additionally include an RFID transponder module (i.e., achip, or a chip and an antenna). In these embodiments, placing vehicleregistration sticker 400 on an RFID-enabled license plate can couple theRFID transponder module on vehicle registration sticker 400 directlywith an RFID Booster. For example, in some embodiments, vehicleregistration sticker 400 can include a single frequency (e.g., HF orNFC) RFID transponder.

Typically, in the United States, motorists are required to renew theirvehicle registration on an annual basis. For example, California licenseplates have a month and a year sticker. A properly registered vehicle inCalifornia will have been issued a sticker that shows the current year.Although the registration status of a vehicle can be verified visually,in many instances, it would be preferable to verify vehicle registrationstatus through electronic and automated means. Thus, in variousembodiments, a vehicle registration sticker that is used in conjunctionwith a RFID-enabled license plate can further include or be constructedout of a material that gradually degrades as the vehicle's registrationapproaches expiration. For example, vehicle registration sticker 400 canbe made out of a retro-reflective material that degrades over time. Inanother embodiment, loop 406 on the back of vehicle registration sticker400 can be made out of a material that degrades over time. Moreover, insome embodiments, the adhesive used to bond vehicle registration sticker400 to a RFID-enabled license plate can degrade over time. In thismanner, an up-to-date vehicle registration sticker is able to tune aRFID transponder in the RFID-enabled license plate to the properfrequency, while an expired vehicle registration sticker cannot.Consequently, a vehicle cannot successfully pass through an EVRcheckpoint and will fail various license plate validation techniquesdisclosed below, unless the vehicle is also properly registered and isdisplaying a current vehicle registration sticker.

FIG. 5 illustrates a deployment of an RFID-enabled license plate 500 ona vehicle 502 in accordance with one embodiment described herein. Asshown in FIG. 5, RFID-enabled license plate 500 can be installed onvehicle 502 as the front license plate. In other embodiments, anRFID-enabled license plate can be installed on a vehicle as the backlicense plate or as both the front and the back license plates. In oneembodiment, RFID-enabled license plate 500 can be associated with aunique identifier for uniquely identifying vehicle 502, which is storedon an RFID module embedded in RFID-enabled license plate 500.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an exemplary license plate validationsystem 600 integrated with a vehicle 620 in accordance with oneembodiment described herein. As shown in FIG. 6, validation system 600includes a RFID-enabled license plate 602, an RFID reader 604, and, forexample, a microcontroller 606 or other processor, which are coupled toeach other by wired connections, wireless connections, or a combinationof both. Note that RFID-enabled license plate 602 can be implemented invarious ways including based on one of the embodiments described withrespect to FIGS. 2A-2C and 3-4. Typically, to perform EVR validation ona vehicle, a RFID reader permanently installed at an EVR checkpoint or ahand-held RFID reader operated by an inspector at an EVR checkpoint isused to validate the registration of vehicle 620. In contrast, thedisclosed RFID reader 604 is an “onboard” RFID reader located in thevehicle 620 registered under RFID-enabled license plate 602.

In various embodiments, RFID reader 604 can be positioned on vehicle 620at a location within an effective read range of the RFID tag withinRFID-enabled license plate 602. Notably, if the RFID tag withinRFID-enabled license plate 602 is based on an UHF transmission, theeffective read range is typically longer than 3 feet and up to 37 feet.In some embodiments, RFID reader 604 can be implemented according to RFreader 102 described with respect to FIG. 1. In various embodiments,RFID reader 604 can be a multi-purpose RFID reader configured to performother RFID read functions such as for locking and unlocking the vehicle620. In other embodiments, RFID reader 604 is a dedicated RFID readerconfigured specifically for the function of validating RFID-enabledlicense plate 602.

In some embodiments, microcontroller 606 is implemented as an onboardcomputer of vehicle 620. In these embodiments, microcontroller 606 istypically embedded in vehicle 620 during the manufacturing of vehicle620. Microcontroller 606 can be coupled to RFID reader 604 through awired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, microcontroller 606and RFID reader 604 are integrated as a single electronic module, forexample, as a single System on Chip (SoC). In some embodiments,microcontroller 606 and RFID reader 604 are integrated into a singlepackage inside a protective case. Microcontroller 606 can be implementedas a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or one or more applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs). In other embodiments,microcontroller 606 is a microprocessor chip such as a CPU. In someembodiments, microcontroller 606 is implemented as a SoC.

In various embodiments, microcontroller 606 can store a uniqueidentifier, which can also be stored on a memory of the RFID-module(e.g., an RFID transponder/tag) embedded in RFID-enabled license plate602. This identifier can be used to uniquely identify vehicle 620registered under RFID-enabled license plate 602. Hence, if RFID-enabledlicense plate 602 is stolen from vehicle 620 and another RFID-enabledlicense plate is placed on vehicle 620, the identifier stored onmicrocontroller 606 would not match the identifier stored in theRFID-module embedded in the replaced license plate. By the same token,if the vehicle which receives the stolen RFID-enabled license plate 602is also equipped with the disclosed license plate validation system,this vehicle would also have a unique identifier stored on itsmicrocontroller, and this identifier would not match the identifierstored in the RFID transponder/tag embedded in the stolen enabledlicense plate 602.

In various embodiments, when an attempt is made to turn on or start thevehicle 620, onboard RFID reader 604 is configured to read an identifierstored in the RFID transponder/tag embedded in RFID-enabled licenseplate 602 and transmit that information to microcontroller 606.Subsequently, microcontroller 606 can validate RFID-enabled licenseplate 602 by comparing the identifier read from RFID-enabled licenseplate 602 with the identifier stored on microcontroller 606.Microcontroller 606 can permit vehicle 620 to start only if the receivedidentifier matches the stored identifier on microcontroller 606. In theevent that microcontroller 606 is unable to validate RFID-enabledlicense plate 602, for example, if the two identifiers do not match,microcontroller 606 can be configured to prevent vehicle 620 fromstarting. Note that this validation technique facilitates detectingstolen license plates both on vehicles from which the license plates arestolen and on the vehicles upon which the stolen license plates arefraudulently placed.

While the license plate validation process described above assumes thatvehicle 620 is properly registered if the received identifier read fromRFID-enabled license plate 602 matches the stored identifier onmicrocontroller 606, other embodiments can include additional steps tofurther validate the registration information associated vehicle 620.For example, in one embodiment, after determining that the receivedidentifier read from RFID-enabled license plate 602 matches the storedidentifier on microcontroller 606, microcontroller 606 next accesses anexternal server containing up-to-date vehicle registration informationby using the validated identifier.

In some embodiments, in response to an attempt to turn on or start thevehicle 620, onboard RFID reader 604 is configured to attempt to readdata from RFID-enabled license plate 602. In the event that RFID reader604 is unable to read data from RFID-enabled license plate 602, RFIDreader 604 communicates with microcontroller 606 to indicate that anattempt to read data from RFID-enabled license plate 602 has failed.Upon received the information indicating failed license plate accessattempt, microcontroller 606 is configured to prevent vehicle 620 fromstarting. In various embodiments, the above failure to read data fromRFID-enabled license plate 602 can be caused an expired registrationsticker, e.g., registration sticker 308 in RFID-enabled license plate300, or it can be caused by the absent of a valid registration stickeraltogether.

In other embodiments, failure to read the identifier, or reading of anincorrect identifier, can cause controller 606 to generate a warningmessage that can be displayed to the driver, instead of or in additionto preventing vehicle 620 from starting.

As mentioned above, a vehicle registration sticker on RFID-enabledlicense plate 602 can include or be constructed from material thatdegrades gradually over a period of time. For example, adhesives used toaffix the vehicle registration sticker to the plate of RFID-enabledlicense plate 602 can degrade at the end of the registration period forvehicle 620. In one embodiment, an expired and degraded vehicleregistration sticker in RFID-enabled license plate 602 is unable to tunea RFID transponder in RFID-enabled license plate 602 to a properfrequency for communicating with RFID reader 604. As such, RFID reader604 cannot read data out of the RFID module embedded in RFID-enabledlicense plate 602. In another embodiment, an expired and degradedvehicle registration sticker in RFID-enabled license plate decouples theRFID module in RFID-enabled license plate 602 from an RFID booster(e.g., RFID booster 306 shown in FIG. 3), thereby rendering the plate602 unable to communicate data to RFID reader 604 on vehicle 620. In allof the above scenarios, it is then required that the vehicleregistration sticker remain current/valid in order for the embedded RFIDmodule to communicate with onboard RFID reader 604, includingtransmitting and receiving the identifier necessary to validate theRFID-enabled license plate 602 and to start vehicle 620.

As mentioned above, onboard RFID reader 604 is activated to communicatewith RFID-enabled license plate 602 in response to an attempt to turn onor start the vehicle 620. In one embodiment, when a car key is insertedinto an ignition switch/starter of vehicle 620, a signal is generatedand subsequently received by RFID reader 604, and upon detecting thissignal indicating an attempt to turn on vehicle 620, RFID reader 604 isactivated to communicate with RFID-enabled license plate 602. The signalfor activating RFID reader 604 can be generated directly from the carkey and wirelessly transmitted to RFID reader 604. Alternatively, thesignal for activating RFID reader 604 can be generated bymicrocontroller 606 upon detecting the attempt to turn on or start thevehicle 620, which is then transmitted from microcontroller 606 to RFIDreader 604. Furthermore, the signal for activating RFID reader 604 canbe generated by an onboard computer chip other than microcontroller 606upon detecting the attempt to turn on or start the vehicle 620, which isthen transmitted from this computer chip directly to RFID reader 604 orindirectly through microcontroller 606.

In some other embodiments, if vehicle 620 uses a remote/wireless carstarter, a signal is generated when a start button on theremote/wireless starter is pressed indicating an attempt to startvehicle 620. This signal is subsequently transmitted to and received byRFID reader 604. Upon detecting this signal, RFID reader 604 isactivated to communicate with RFID-enabled license plate 602. The signalfor activating RFID reader 604 can be generated directly by theremote/wireless starter and wirelessly transmitted to RFID reader 604.Alternatively, the signal for activating RFID reader 604 can begenerated by microcontroller 606 upon detecting the attempt to startvehicle 620 by pushing a button on the remote/wireless starter, which isthen transmitted from microcontroller 606 to RFID reader 604.Furthermore, the signal for activating RFID reader 604 can be generatedby an onboard computer chip other than microcontroller 606 upondetecting the attempt to start the vehicle 620 by the remote/wirelessstarter, which is then transmitted from this computer chip directly toRFID reader 604 or indirectly through microcontroller 606.

In some embodiments, the disclosed license plate validation system 600is configured to detect and alert a stolen RFID-enabled license plate tothe owner of vehicle 620 without requiring an attempt to turn on orstart the vehicle 620. This can be achieved by a periodic communicationbetween RFID reader 604 and RFID-enabled license plate 602. In oneembodiment, microcontroller 606 can periodically trigger RFID reader 604to access RFID-enabled license plate 602 to obtain the identifier. Ifthe identifier obtained from RFID-enabled license plate 602 does notmatch the identifier stored on microcontroller 606, or no identifier isdetected, microcontroller 606 determines that the original license platehas been stolen. Microcontroller 606 can be configured to send an alertto the owner of vehicle 620. Note that this technique can detect astolen license plate well before the next attempt to turn on or startthe vehicle takes place. In some embodiments, if the RFID-moduleembedded in RFID-enabled license plate 602 is an active RFID-module,this RFID-module can periodically transmit the identifier to RFID reader604 which is then validated by microcontroller 606 to determine if theoriginal license plate has been stolen.

According to one exemplary embodiment, RFID-enabled license plate 602can also be used in one or more account management applications. Forexample, RFID enabled license plate 602 can be used to track a vehiclefor purposes of electronic tolling, parking access, and border control.At least some applications for account management are disclosed in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/459,299, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,355,398, andU.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/167,829. At least some applicationsfor the RFID-enabled license plate 300 are described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/962,047, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,344,890, Ser. No.13/708,353, and Ser. No. 14/685,530, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,007,215, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

In some embodiments, access (e.g., by the onboard RFID reader) to thememory on the RFID module embedded in RFID enabled license plate 602 canbe granted based on a security key. The provision of secureidentification solutions is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,081,819,7,671,746, 8,237,568, 8,322,044, and 8,004,410, the disclosures of whichare incorporated by reference herein in their respective entirety.

In some embodiments, RFID-enabled license plate 602 can include at leastone multi-frequency RFID tag that allows the RFID-enabled license plate602 to interface with multiple RFID systems (e.g., EVR, electronic tollcollection (ETC), etc.). Multi-frequency RFID tags are described inReissued U.S. Pat. Nos. RE 43,355 and RE 44,691, the disclosures ofwhich are incorporated by reference herein in their respective entirety.

Some applications can require a placement of metallic material (e.g.,retro-reflective material, holographic image) over RFID-enabled licenseplate 602. In order to preserve the transmission and receptioncapabilities of RFID enabled license plate 602, a selectivede-metallization process can be employed to treat the metallic material.Selective de-metallization is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,034,688 and7,463,154, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference hereinin their respective entirety.

FIG. 7 presents a flowchart illustrating a process 700 for validating alicense plate in accordance with one embodiment described herein. Insome embodiments, process 700 is performed by microcontroller 606 withrespect to RFID-enabled license plate 602 onboard vehicle 620.

As shown in FIG. 7, the process begins when a microcontroller onboard avehicle detects an attempt to start the vehicle (step 702). In responseto detecting the attempt to start the vehicle, the microcontrolleractivates an onboard RFID reader to read an RFID-enabled license plateon the vehicle, wherein the RFID-enabled license plate includeselectronic registration information of the vehicle (step 704). Themicrocontroller next determines whether the RFID reader is able to readthe RFID-enabled license plate (step 706). If the microcontrollerdetermines that the onboard RFID reader is not able to read theRFID-enabled license plate, the microcontroller prevents the vehiclefrom starting (step 708), and the process terminates. As mentionedabove, a failure to read the RFID-enabled license plate can be caused bya degraded validation sticker on the RFID-enabled license plateindication the registration of the vehicle has expired.

Alternatively, if the microcontroller determines that the onboard RFIDreader is able to read the RFID enabled license plate, themicrocontroller receives from the onboard RFID reader an identifier readfrom the RFID enabled license plate (step 710). The microcontrollersubsequently compares the identifier read from the RFID enabled licenseplate with an identifier stored on the microcontroller (step 712). Asmentioned above, the identifier stored on the microcontroller can beused to uniquely identify the vehicle and also should match theidentifier stored in the memory of the RFID tag embedded in theRFID-enabled license plate associated with the vehicle.

The microcontroller subsequently determines if the identifier read fromthe RFID-enabled license plate matches the stored identifier on themicrocontroller (step 714). If so, the microcontroller determines thatthe vehicle is properly registered and permits the vehicle to start(step 716). Otherwise, if the microcontroller determines that theidentifier read from the RFID-enabled license plate does not match thestored identifier, the microcontroller determines prevents the vehiclefrom starting (step 708). In some embodiments, if the identifiers failto match up, the microcontroller can also determine that the originallicense plate on the vehicle is stolen and subsequently send an alert tothe owner of the vehicle to report the stolen license plate.

FIG. 8 presents a flowchart illustrating a process 800 for detecting astolen license plate in accordance with one embodiment described herein.In some embodiments, process 800 is performed by microcontroller 606with respect to RFID-enabled license plate 602 onboard vehicle 620.

As shown in FIG. 8, the process begins when a microcontroller onboard avehicle activates an onboard RFID reader to read an RFID-enabled licenseplate on the vehicle, wherein the RFID-enabled license plate includeselectronic registration information of the vehicle (step 802). Note thatthe microcontroller can initiate process 800 periodically at apredetermined time interval based on a timer programmed into themicrocontroller. The microcontroller then receives from the onboard RFIDreader an identifier read from the RFID enabled license plate (step804). The microcontroller subsequently compares the identifier read fromthe RFID enabled license plate with an identifier stored on themicrocontroller (step 806). The microcontroller next determines if theidentifier read from the RFID-enabled license plate matches the storedidentifier on the microcontroller (step 808). If so, the microcontrollerdetermines that the license plate is original and the processterminates. Otherwise, if the microcontroller determines that theidentifier read from the RFID-enabled license plate does not match thestored identifier, the microcontroller determines that the originallicense plate on the vehicle is stolen and subsequently send an alert,e.g., by setting off an alarm, or by transmitting a text message to theowner of the vehicle (step 810). Notably, process 800 can be independentfrom the operation of starting the vehicle.

The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover suchforms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of theembodiments described and claimed herein. For example, the exampleapparatuses, methods, and systems disclosed herein can be applied towireless communication devices incorporating HF and/or UHF RFID readercapabilities. The various components illustrated in the figures can beimplemented as, for example, but not limited to, software and/orfirmware on a processor, ASIC/FPGA/DSP, or dedicated hardware. Also, thefeatures and attributes of the specific example embodiments disclosedabove can be combined in different ways to form additional embodiments,all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure and claims.

The foregoing method descriptions and the process flow diagrams areprovided merely as illustrative examples and are not intended to requireor imply that the steps of the various embodiments must be performed inthe order presented. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the artthe order of steps in the foregoing embodiments can be performed in anyorder. Words such as “thereafter,” “then,” “next,” etc. are not intendedto limit the order of the steps; these words are simply used to guidethe reader through the description of the methods. Further, anyreference to claim elements in the singular, for example, using thearticles “a,” “an” or “the” is not to be construed as limiting theelement to the singular.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, andalgorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosedherein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, orcombinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability ofhardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules,circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms oftheir functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented ashardware or software depends upon the particular application and designconstraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans canimplement the described functionality in varying ways for eachparticular application, but such implementation decisions should not beinterpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the presentdisclosure.

The hardware used to implement the various illustrative logics, logicalblocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspectsdisclosed herein can be implemented or performed with a general purposeprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) orother programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic,discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed toperform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor canbe a microprocessor, but, in the alternative, the processor can be anyconventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. Aprocessor can also be implemented as a combination of receiver devices,e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality ofmicroprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSPcore, or any other such configuration. Alternatively, some steps ormethods can be performed by circuitry that is specific to a givenfunction.

In one or more exemplary aspects, the functions described can beimplemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.If implemented in software, the functions can be stored as one or moreinstructions or code on a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium or non-transitory processor-readable storage medium. The steps ofa method or algorithm disclosed herein can be embodied inprocessor-executable instructions that can reside on a non-transitorycomputer-readable or processor-readable storage medium. Non-transitorycomputer-readable or processor-readable storage media can be any storagemedia that can be accessed by a computer or a processor. By way ofexample but not limitation, such non-transitory computer-readable orprocessor-readable storage media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, FLASHmemory, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage orother magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used tostore desired program code in the form of instructions or datastructures and that can be accessed by a computer. Disk and disc, asused herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc,digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc where disksusually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce dataoptically with lasers. Combinations of the above are also includedwithin the scope of non-transitory computer-readable andprocessor-readable media. Additionally, the operations of a method oralgorithm can reside as one or any combination or set of codes and/orinstructions on a non-transitory processor-readable storage mediumand/or computer-readable storage medium, which can be incorporated intoa computer program product.

Although the present disclosure provides certain example embodiments andapplications, other embodiments that are apparent to those of ordinaryskill in the art, including embodiments which do not provide all of thefeatures and advantages set forth herein, are also within the scope ofthis disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure isintended to be defined only by reference to the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A radio frequency identification (RFID)-enabledlicense plate, comprising: a metal plate comprising a first cutoutportion defining a first hole in the metal plate and a second cutoutportion defining a second hole in the metal plate; and a RFID assemblyintegrated with the metal plate and positioned across the first holedefined by the first cutout portion, the RFID assembly comprising a RFIDchip and an antenna, wherein the RFID assembly further comprises: afront cover attached to a first side of the metal plate and covering thefirst hole defined by the first cutout portion; and a back coverattached to a second side of the metal plate opposite to the front coverand covering the first hole defined by the first cutout portion suchthat the first cutout portion is positioned between the front cover andthe back cover; wherein the RFID chip is sandwiched between the frontcover and the back cover; and further wherein dimensions, spacing andlocations of the first cutout portion and the second cutout portion areconfigured such that a slot antenna is formed from the metal plate, thefirst cutout portion, the second cutout portion and the RFID assemblyand the slot antenna resonates at multiple frequencies.
 2. TheRFID-enabled license plate of claim 1, wherein the multiple frequenciesinclude a high frequency (HF) band and an ultra-high frequency (UHF)band.
 3. The RFID-enabled license plate of claim 1, wherein the firstcutout portion and the second cutout portion are filled with a non-metalmaterial.
 4. The RFID-enabled license plate of claim 3, wherein thenon-metal material is flush with respect to both a front surface of themetal plate and a back surface of the metal plate.
 5. The RFID-enabledlicense plate of claim 1, wherein the RFID chip is affixed to the atleast one of the front cover and the back cover using at least one ofadhesives and very high bond (VHB).
 6. The RFID-enabled license plate ofclaim 1, wherein the antenna of the RFID assembly is inductively coupledwith the metal plate.
 7. The RFID-enabled license plate of claim 1,wherein the front cover is affixed to the first side of the metal plateusing a first set of adhesives which follow a perimeter of the frontcover; wherein the back cover is affixed to the second side of the metalplate using a second set of adhesives which follow a perimeter of theback cover, and wherein the first and second sets of adhesives seal offspaces between the front cover and the first side of the metal plate andbetween the back cover and the second side of the metal plate.
 8. TheRFID-enabled license plate of claim 7, wherein the first and second setsof adhesives include VHBs.
 9. The RFID-enabled license plate of claim 1,wherein the antenna comprises an antenna loop electrically coupled tothe RFID chip, and the RFID chip and the antenna loop are disposed on asubstrate.
 10. The RFID-enabled license plate of claim 9, wherein theRFID assembly further comprises a protective film layer which isattached to the substrate to form a weather-proof enclosure for the RFIDchip and the antenna loop.
 11. The RFID-enabled license plate of claim9, wherein the RFID assembly further comprises at least one tear guide.12. A radio frequency identification (RFID) assembly, comprising: aradio frequency identification (RFID) chip and an antenna which iselectrically coupled to the RFID chip, wherein the RFID chip and theantenna are disposed on a substrate, the substrate comprising a firstcutout portion defining a first hole in the substrate and a secondcutout portion defining a second hole in the substrate; a front coverattached to a first side of the substrate and covering the first holedefined by the first cutout portion; and a back cover attached to asecond side of the substrate opposite to the front cover and coveringthe first hole defined by the first cutout portion such that the firstcutout portion is positioned between the front cover and the back cover,wherein the RFID chip is sandwiched between the front cover and the backcover and is affixed to at least one of the front cover and the backcover, and further wherein dimensions, spacing and locations of thefirst cutout portion and the second cutout portion are configured suchthat a slot antenna is formed from the substrate, the first cutoutportion, the second cutout portion and the RFID assembly and the slotantenna resonates at multiple frequencies.
 13. The RFID assembly ofclaim 12, further comprising a protective film layer attached to thesubstrate to form a weather-proof enclosure for the RFID chip and theantenna.
 14. The RFID assembly of claim 13, wherein the protective filmlayer comprises polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
 15. The RFID assemblyof claim 13, wherein the protective film layer is welded to thesubstrate around the perimeter of substrate.
 16. The RFID assembly ofclaim 15, wherein the protective film layer is welded to the substrateusing one of the following: laser welding and sonic welding.
 17. TheRFID assembly of claim 12, wherein one of the front cover and the backcover includes a heat stake.
 18. The RFID assembly of claim 17, whereinthe RFID chip is attached to the one of the front cover and the backcover using the heat stake.
 19. The RFID assembly of claim 18, whereinthe other of the front cover and the back cover includes an energydirector.
 20. The RFID assembly of claim 19, wherein the RFID chip isattached to the other of the front cover and the back cover at theenergy director.